It is an essential legal principle that a corporation possesses an independent legal personality and constitutes a separate legal entity.\u00a0 Ordinarily, courts are reluctant to pierce the corporate veil and find directors personally liable for the debts of the corporation.\u00a0 However, there are various statutory exceptions to this general principle, one of which is a director\u2019s liability for unpaid employee wages.<\/p>\n
The justification for this exception to the ordinary rule is two-fold.\u00a0 Firstly, employees are a group of particularly dependent and vulnerable creditors that provide services to the corporation.\u00a0 The idea is that \u201cdirectors who authorize or acquiesce in the continued employment of workers when the corporation is not in a position to pay them should not be able to shift the loss onto the shoulders of the employees\u201d[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Secondly, as explained by the Supreme Court in Barrette v. Crabtree Estate<\/em>, the purpose of holding directors liable for unpaid employee wages is to minimize the information asymmetry that exists between the two parties.\u00a0 Unlike employees, directors have or ought to have full knowledge of the financial health of the corporation and where the employees have continued providing services in good faith, relying solely on the guidance of the company\u2019s directors, the employees ought not to be penalized[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Director liability for unpaid employee wages is legislated in the Canada Labour Code, <\/em>the Canada Business Corporations Act, <\/em>the Ontario Business Corporations Act,<\/em> and the Ontario Employment Standards Act <\/em>(\u201cESA\u201d).\u00a0 Pursuant to s. 81 of the ESA, directors are jointly and severally liable to employees of a corporation for all debts not exceeding six months\u2019 wages that become payable while they are directors, for services performed for the corporation and for the vacation pay accrued while they are directors for not more than twelve months.\u00a0 Section 81 further notes that a director will be personally liable if:<\/p>\n a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the employer is insolvent and a claim for unpaid wages has not been paid;<\/p>\n b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an employment standards officer has made an order that the employer is liable for wages;<\/p>\n c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 an employment standards officer has made an order that a director is liable for wages; or<\/p>\n d)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the Board has issued, amended or affirmed an order that requires an employer or the directors to pay wages.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n Courts have recently made it glaringly apparent that a director\u2019s obligation to employees is a significant one, and that a failure to fulfill these obligations will be taken very seriously.\u00a0 In the recent Ontario case of R v. Blondin[4]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>, an Ontario Justice of the Peace fined a director, along with the six employer corporations, $280,000 and sentenced the director to three months incarceration for failure to comply with 112 Orders to Pay unpaid wages of 61 employees issued pursuant to the ESA.<\/p>\n Failing to comply with the Orders to Pay constituted an offence under the ESA.\u00a0 In determining the appropriate sentence, the Court explained that the nonpayment of wages had caused hardship to a number of employees and that Blondin\u2019s complete failure to meaningfully attempt restitution warranted a sentence that would represent a punishment for the harm done to the public, and would satisfy the principle of deterrence.\u00a0 Accordingly, the Justice of the Peace imposed a $40,000 fine against Blondin personally, a $240,000 fine against the corporations, and sentenced Blondin to three months incarceration.<\/p>\n While the Blondin<\/em> case is certainly an extreme example, the message is clear: a director\u2019s failure to acknowledge their obligation to step in when a corporation is unable to pay employee wages could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n Jessica Barrow is a lawyer in our Litigation Law Group.\u00a0 Jessica can be reached at 613.566.2281 or jbarrow@perlaw.ca<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n
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